五月GMAT 作文机经 目录
一、
sugar ，deficit ，lower 二、
Kool Kone, ice cream, loan（两次） 三、
Shopping mall, oak city 四、
Cookville, efficient， 五、
Investment, home, stock（两次） 六、
membership fees， swimming pool 七、
Screamland Amusement Park 八、
投资报告，三家店，pizza (三次) 九、
三明治，加盟，吸引客户，减少operation costs 十、 新药店，成本低，距离近，抢客户（出现四次）（残）
十一、 信用卡，环保
十二、 香水，代言人（两次）
十三、 Computer instruction，辍学率
十四、 Restaurant, profit, college
十五、 长期经验降低成本，增加收益
十六、 大学，社区，私人，医院
十七、 建gym ，减少医疗成本， balance budget(两次) 十八、 Expand ，收购, autos（残）
十九、 Adida, palm, retail price
二十、 Restway motel, ambassador moter, profit(两次) （残）
二十一、 服装店，家居
二十二、 Citrus, 价格过快增长（两次）
二十三、 失业率，工业，转型（残）
二十四、 Courses, higher proportion, eliminating（两次）
二十五、 Housing rate, revenue（残）
二十六、 （残）、
二十七、 Healthier ， organic ， fitness gym
二十八、 Cereal ， adult women， children consumer
二十九、 Recession ，new location， Helios
三十、 High sales， decreasing profit margin， coffee cafe
三十一、 Cost of processing go down， do things better， efficient
三十二、 Volunteer ambulance, commercial
三十三、 新航线，利润，削减（残）
三十四、 再生能源，mining
一、 sugar ，deficit ，lower 五月六日 北美 “The country of Sacchar can best solve its current trade deficit problem by lowering the price of sugar, its primary export. Such an action would make Sacchar better able to compete for markets with other sugar-exporting countries. The sales of Sacchar ’s sugar abroad would increase, and this increase would substantially reduce Sacchar’s trade deficit.’
【译文】
以下是周刊中的一片文章的节选：
S 国可以运用降低蔗糖的价格的方法，来很好的解决了它最近的贸易赤字，而蔗糖一直是其主要的出口商品。这一行为将能使S 国在与其他蔗糖出口国的市场竞争中处于有利地位，而S 国海外的蔗糖销量将会增加，而销量的增加将带来贸易赤字的大量减少。
【参考思路】
1比起价格下降而带来的损失产量提高的影响是不是更大不是定数Increasing sales by lowering the price of sugar will not yield an increase in income unless the increase in sales is sufficient to overcome the loss in income due to the lower price. in the absence of ...
2可能性价比本来就很有竞争力了不需要降价，也可能价格已经很低了没有降低的空间了
3降低进口可能是一个更好的办法A trade-deficit occurs when a country spends more on imports than it earns from exports. However, the author provides no evidence that substantiates this assumption. It is possible that revenues from imports will increase dramatically in the near future; if so, the course of action proposed by the author might be unnecessary to solve Sacchar's trade deficit problem. To the extent that the case...
【参考范文】
The author of this article argues that the country of Sacchar can best solve its current trade deficit problem by lowering the price of its main export, sugar. The line of reasoning is that this action would make Sacchar more competitive with other sugar-exporting countries, thereby increasing sales of Sacchar’s sugar abroad and, in turn, substantially reducing the trade-deficit. This line of reasoning is unconvincing for a couple of reasons.
In the first place, this argument is based on an oversimplified analysis of the trade deficit problem Sacchar currently faces. A trade-deficit occurs when a country spends more on imports than it earns from exports. The author’s argument relies on the assumption that earnings from imports will remain constant. However, the author provides no evidence that substantiates this assumption. It is possible that revenues from imports will increase dramatically in the near future; if so, the course of action proposed by the author might be unnecessary to solve Sacchar’s trade deficit problem. Conversely, it is possible that revenues from imports are likely to decrease dramatically in the near future. To the extent that this is the case, lowering sugar prices may have a negligible countervailing effect, depending on the demand for Sacchar’s sugar.
In the second place, increasing sales by lowering the price of sugar will not yield an increase in income unless the increase in sales is sufficient to overcome the loss in income due to the lower price. This raises three questions the author fails to address. First, will a price decrease in fact stimulate demand? Second, is demand sufficient to meet the increase in supply? Third, can Sacchar increase the sugar production sufficiently to overcome the deficit? In the absence of answers to these questions, we cannot assess the author’s proposal.
In conclusion, the author provides an incomplete analysis of the problem and, as a result, provides a questionable solution. To better evaluate the proposal, we would need to know how revenues from imports are likely to change in the future. To strengthen the argument, the author must provide evidence that demand is sufficient to meet the proposed increase in supply, and that Sacchar has sufficient resources to accommodate the increase.
二、 Kool Kone, ice cream, loan 区域不详
The following appeared as part of a memorandum from the loan department of the Frostbite National Bank:
“We should not approve the business loan application of the local group that wants to open a franchise outlet for the Kool Kone chain of ice cream parlors. Frostbite is known for its cold winters, and cold weather can mean slow ice cream sales. For example, even though Frostbite is a town of 10,000 people, it has only one ice cream spot —the Frigid Cow. Despite the lack of competition, the Frigid Cow’s net revenues fell by 10 percent last winter.”
思路：
* 排除他因，净收入下降的原因是什么? 可能是经营不好，草率定价，甚至正因为缺乏竞争导致了这些。
* 寒冷冬天不等于没有夏天，也不等于夏天短暂。不能说明原因。
# Other factors in deciding whether to give loan to a company such as the credit of the company should be considered.
# Admittedly, the former and prospective performance of the company is also important when the bank have to make decision of whether or not should it give loan to a company. However, the author of the memorandum show no sufficient evidence to support his or her proposal that the bank should not give loan to Kool Kone chain of ice cream parlors.
# The statistics last year does not necessarily denote the future trend.
范文：
In this memorandum the loan department of Frostbite National Bank recommends against approval of a business loan to a local group that wants to open an ice creamparlor. In support of this decision the loan department points out that Frostbite has a reputation for cold winters and sales of ice cream decrease in cold weather. This latter point is buttressed by the fact that Frostbite’s only ice cream parlor suffered a 10 percent decline in net revenues the previous winter. The loan department’s decision is questionable for the following reasons.
To begin with, since it is reasonable to expect a decline in ice cream sales during winter months, it is difficult to assess the relevance of the fact that Frostbite has cold winters to the potential success of the Kool Kone franchise. Common sense suggests that this fact would be significant only if it turned out that Frostbite’s winter season lasted 9 or 10 months as it does in arctic regions. In that case slow sales could be expected for most of the year and the loan department’s opposition to the loan would be readily understandable. If, on the other hand, Frostbite’s winter season lasts only a few months and the remainder of the year is warm or hot, it is difficult to comprehend the loan department’s reasoning.
Next, the loan department assumes that the Frigid Cow’s decline in net revenue last winter was a result of slow sales occasioned by cold weather. While this is a possible reason for the decline, it is not the only factor that could account for it. For example, other factors such as poor business practices or lack of inventory could be responsible for the Frigid Cow’s loss of revenue. The loan department’s failure to investigate or even consider these and other possible explanations for the Frigid Cow’s decline in revenue renders their decision highly suspect.
In conclusion, the loan department’s decision is ill-founded. To better evaluate the decision, we would need to know more about the length and severity of Frostbite’s winter season. Moreover, evidence would have to be provided to support the assumption that the Frigid Cow’s loss of revenue last winter was a direct result of the cold weather.
三、 Shopping mall, oak city 区域不详
“The construction last year of a shopping mall in downtown Oak City was a mistake. Since the mall has opened, a number of local businesses have closed, and the downtown area suffers from an acute parking shortage, and arrests for crime and vagrancy have increased in the nearby Oak City Park. Elm City should pay attention to the example of the Oak City mall and deny the application to build a shopping mall in Elm City.”
【参考思路】
1、Gratuitous Assumption——无根据结论： A 不导致B
1商场的建立不一定导致local businesses 关门：shopping mall 吸引人气，商场附近会有更多人流，潜在顾客会增多，反而可能使当地的商业繁荣
2商场的建立不一定导致停车场不足：长期来看，shopping mall会使当地税收增加，政府有更多的钱用来修路和停车场，停车问题会改善
3商场的建立也不一定导致犯罪和流浪汉增多，商场的建立会增加就业机会，穷人有了稳定的工作就不会去犯罪或者流浪，长期看会减少犯罪和流浪者
2、有他因
1local 商业关门可能是其他原因造成的，如政府税收太高，当地商人纷纷选择移民 2停车场不足可能是其他的因素造成，比如正值非洲66国元首集体访问oka 市，市政府采取单双号限行，造成车位紧张
3犯罪和流浪者增多可能是其他因素造成的，比如房价太高，大学生毕业找不到工作，只好选择犯罪或者流浪
1、 False analogy:(Oak city 和Elm city 不能做类比，因为这两座城市的经济状况，基础设施和生活水平都是不同的。)
2、可疑调查survey is doubtful(以上提到的几项调查数据全部来源不明，可能不够中立客观)
【参考范文】
此范文与该题略有出入，是老版本的题目，请大家在考场上小心：
老题题干：
“The construction of last year of a shopping mall in downtown Oak City has done little for the residents of the community. Since the mall has opened, a number of local businesses have closed, and the downtown area suffers from an acute parking shortage. In addition, because the mall ’s owner lives in nearby Elm City, the profits derived from sales at the mall are not being returned to the community. These problems, coupled with the increase in trash and litter in nearby Oak City park, demonstrate that Oak City did not use good judgment in allowing the construction of the mall in the first place.”
In this editorial the author rebukes Oak City for allowing the construction of a new downtown shopping mall. Citing a number of problems that have occurred since the building of the mail, the author concludes that the residents of Oak City have not benefited from the mail and that Oak City exercised poor judgment in allowing the mail to be built. Among the problems cited by the author are the closure of local businesses, lack of parking in the downtown area, and increased trash and litter in a city park near the mall. Moreover, the author argues that profits derived from sales are not benefiting Oak City because the owner of the mall lives in another city. The author’s argument is problematic in several respects.
In the first place, the author assumes that addition of the new mall is the cause of the various problems cited. The only evidence offered to support this claim is that the construction of the mall occurred before these problems manifested themselves. However, this evidence is insufficient to establish the claim in question. A chronological relationship is only one of the indicators of a causal relationship between two events.
In the second place, the author has focused only on negative effects the mall has had on the city. A more detailed analysis of the situation might reveal that the positive benefits for the city far outweigh the problems on which the author focuses. For example, new jobs might have been created for the residents of Oak City, and tax revenues might have been increased for the city. Lacking a more comprehensive analysis of the impact of the mail on Oak City, it is presumptuous on the part of the author to conclude that Oak City’s decision to allow the mall to be built was incorrect.
In conclusion, the author ’s argument is unconvincing. To strengthen the argument the author would have to demonstrate that the construction of the mall caused the various problems mentioned. The author would also have to show that the negative effects of the project outweighed the positive effects.
四、 Cookville, efficient五月七日 成都
The following appeared as part of an article in the local newspaper:
Our factory in Cookville is our most advanced and efficient. It is capable of producing ten drill bits for each of production costs, whereas none of our other factories can produce more than seven drill bits per dollar of production costs. Therefore, we can reduce our overall drill bit production by devoting the Cookville factory entirely to drill bit production. Since reducing the production costs of individual machine parts is the only way to achieve our larger goal of reducing our overall production costs, dedicating the Cookville factory entirely to drill bit production and shifting all other machine part machine to our other factories will help us to attain that larger goal.
【参考思路】
这个argument 的思路绕来绕去就是有three mojor flaws: reduce costs by devoting entirely drill bit production to C; the only way to reduce costs is to reduce production costs; shifting the production of the other parts to other factories is the appropriate way to go 针对这三个 direct or indirect conlusions 写就行了
1: although C produce more bits per dollar, the reason may be that C has high- skilled workers, total new and high- quality machines, or less amounts of orders(订单) thus entirely shifting is fallacious, the results may be that the workers may be too tired and have too much burden, the machines would be worn out, and all this could contribute to the lowering of the productivity
2: the management assumes without further more evidence that reucing the productions costs is the only way to enhance cost -effective production process: 可以train workers , 引进new technologies, 定期维修老旧设备，提高management strategy...
3: 就是转移制造这一部分：也许转移制造之后 cargo and transporting fees would roar因为sporadically 分布的 工厂可以及时供货，集中在一个地方不利于 供货， 而且shifting 牵扯到 搬家的费用：那些cumbersome machine怎么转移啊, 人员怎么迁移啊。。。这些都是huge expense, may not weighover the elevation of the productivity
五、 Investment, home, stock
【考古】Now is the perfect time to buy a house in our city. Over the past five years, average home prices in our region have nearly doubled. But average stock prices in the national stock
market have actually declined over the same period. So homeowners have seen an increase in value for their housing investment during the last five years that far exceeds what they could have made by investing in the stock market. Our city’s residents can surely achieve a similar profit over the next five years. Furthermore, if residents invest in a home, they can enjoy the use of the home while its value increase, whereas money invested in stocks would not contribute to their quality of life in the same way that owning a home would. Therefore, all the residents of our city should invest their money in a home.
【范文】
In this realtor’s brochure, the real estate company advises all residents to invest their money in houses rather than in stocks. This advice is based on two questionable assumptions: first, the stock market has declined over the past five years whereas the housing market has doubled in value over the same period; second, owning a house improves a person’s quality of life. However, I do not find the advice logically convincing because oversimplification makes it problematic in two main respects.
First of all, an investor would be simplistic and short-sighted to base a life-long investment policy on so short a period as five years. The real estate’s company argument fails to account for the fact that markets, including the stock market, move in cycles, with downturn following upswing as the cycle is repeated. The advice of the real estate company might prompt residents to sell off valuable stocks at a loss at the moment the stock market is about to recover.
Second, just as the stock market produces cycles, the housing market produces bubbles. House prices simply cannot go on increasing indefinitely and if they have indeed doubled over the past five years, the market could be due for a correction. In 2006 and 2007, Americans invested in property for the same reasons that this real estate company claims, namely that the housing market had been rising steadily and that everyone should enjoy the benefits of home ownership. However, by mid-2008, the overheated housing market imploded, leaving many of these new home owners with losses and high mortgage payments. Following the real estate company’s advice could lead people to buy houses at the moment the housing market is about to collapse. Finally, even if it is true that the housing market has consistently offered a higher return than the stock market, the argument that a house adds to the quality of one’s life is still questionable since it fails to take into account the costs of home ownership. A homeowner commits to living in one fixed location with less flexibility of moving; he also needs to pay the costs of maintenance, utilities, property taxes, and insurance. Furthermore, a homeowner is responsible for mortgage payments over a long period of time and at rates which might increase in the future. Because home ownership, whether or not it is a sound financial investment, is not appropriate for everyone, recommending all residents to invest their money in a home is simplistic and irresponsible.
Clearly, the advice of the real estate company is self-serving, so it is not in the best interests of all residents. The real estate company fails to take into account the cyclical nature of the stock market and the housing market, and also fails to consider the costs of home ownership. Therefore, people considering choosing between buying stocks and buying a house would be well advised to research further these additional considerations that are absent from the real estate’s analysis.
六、 Swimming pool
【原始】某地5年前建了一个游泳池，结果会员的数量猛增，所以现在应该再新建一些设施，
可以让利润增长，会员费增加。又说他们这个取悦只有他们一家，没有其他竞争。3个flaw ，全啦~~ 【考古】：No. 104 The following appeared as part of a business plan created by the management of the Take Heart Fitness Center.
“After opening the new swimming pool earl y last summer, Take Heart saw a 12 percent increase in the use of the center by members. Therefore, in order to increase the number of our members and thus our revenues, which depend on membership fees, we should continue to add new recreational facilities in subsequent years: for example, a multipurpose game room, a tennis court, and a miniature golf course. Being the only center in the area offering this range of activities would give us a competitive advantage in the health and recreation market.” Take Heart健身中心的管理者起草的商业计划：
去年夏天开了新的游泳池以后，TH 发现会员对中心的使用率增加了12%。因此，为了增加我们的会员数量来增加收入，我们应该在以后几年中继续增加新的娱乐设施：比如，一个多功能游戏室，一个网球场，一个迷你高尔夫球场。作为本地唯一一家提供各种活动的健身中心，我们将在健身和娱乐市场建立竞争优势。
【思路】
忽略他因。
错误类比。
收入和支出
causal oversimplification
a benefit-cost analysis should be given
Whether the proposed recreational facilities are popular among the people of this area is unknown.
【范文】
Because Take Heart Fitness Center experienced a 12 percent increase in member usage as a result of opening a new swimming pool last summer, the author recommends the addition of new recreational facilities in subsequent years as a means of increasing membership in Take Heart. The author’s recommendation is problematic for several reasons.
First, and foremost, the author assumes that an increase in member usage portends an increase in membership. This assumption may hold true in some cases. However, it is unlikely to hold true in the case at hand, because it is reasonable to expect that members would visit the fitness center to inspect and try out the new swimming pool. This would account for the increase in usage. However, since the author provides no evidence that this new rate of usage was sustained, the abrupt increase in usage provides little evidence that the addition of facilities such as the pool will attract new members.
Second, the author assumes that the addition of the swimming pool was responsible for the increase in member usage. However, the only evidence for this claim is insufficient to establish the causal claim in question. While temporal precedence is one of the conditions required to establish a causal relationship between two events, by itself it is not a sufficient condition. Consequently, it is possible that the addition of the pool was unrelated to the increase in usage in the manner required by the author’s argument.
Finally, the author has provided no evidence to support the contention that Take Heart will be the only center in the area to offer a wide range of activities to its members and thus have a competitive advantage in the fitness market.
In conclusion, the author’s belief that adding additional recreational facilities will increase Take Heart’s membership is ill-founded. To strengthen the argument the author would have to provide evidence that member usage is reliable indicator of new membership. Additionally, it would be necessary to show that the cause of the increase in usage was the opening of the new pool.
七、 【原始】
作文是Screamland Amusement Park 发现进来他们的sales 降低，想用新的market campaign来提高sales 。他们发现买票的人是家长，所以家长是主要决定力量，而且通过car industry 的survey 发现人们做选择时，safety 是首要concern 所以他们新的campaign 要从促进灌输人们他们的park 很safe 还有设备经常maintain 出发。
【考古】
screamland amusement park register a attendance drop, while advisement budget increases for past 3 yrs. Research report from auto industry shows that consumers have top priority on safety when doing the purchase. Thus, director suggests that to change the slogan to "Thrill for kid, peace mind for parents" would help to boost park attendance.
有一个marketing director of amusement park,说amusement park最近的attendance 和ticket sale 下降了。虽然这个park 基本是为了给孩子们的，但是家长才是最终的决定者（是否要去这个park ）。这个director 提到了一个来自automotive industry的 research ，这个调查显示60%的购车者在购车时把safety 作为top priority。所以这个director 说这个amusement park应该改变他们的slogan ，从原来的“ do all what you want”（原话不是do, 但意思差不多），转变成“Thrill kids, safety....”， 这个campaign 的转变可以increase attendance和ticket sale。 目前还没找到考古，先提供一些思路，欢迎大家集思广益，一起补充这道题！！
【参考思路】
1、汽车行业的经验不能套用在游乐园
2、不能确定游乐园大家最关心的是安全，有可能是交通，娱乐性啊什么的
3、虽然说家长是去不去游乐园的最终决定者，但是他们会充分考虑孩子的意见，不能忽略孩子在决策中的作用
4、游乐园没人去不一定是宣传口号不对，有可能是地理位置偏僻、票价太高等等，即使换了口号也还是没人去
八、 投资报告，三家店，pizza
【原始】AA: 讲一个投资公司的报告，报告里说由于有三家店（就记得一个Pizza 啥的）在过去两年内收入增长，所以投资公司应该投资三家新的差不多的店。并且为了最大化回报，应该让三家店合作，比如在任意两家买了东西，可以在第三家打折。大概是这个意思，我写的时候感觉很好，但是考出来回想觉得找的理由好像有点勉强。
【考古】
The following appeared as part of the business plan of the Capital Idea investment firm.
“Across town in the Park Hill district, the Thespian Theater, Pizzazz Pizza, and the Niblick Golf Club have all had business increases within the past two years. Capital Idea should therefore invest in the Roxy Playhouse, the Slice-o’-Pizza, and the Divot Golf Club, three new businesses in the Irongate district. As a condition, we should require them to participate in a special program: Any customer who patronizes two of the businesses will receive a substantial discount at the third. By motivating customers to patronize all three, we will thus contribute to the profitability of each
and maximize our return.”
在ParkHill 区的Thespian 剧院，Pizzazz 比萨，Niblick 高尔夫俱乐部在过去2年都有业务增长。因此Capital Idea 应该投资Poxy 剧场，Slic-o 比萨和Divot 高尔夫俱乐部这3家新的Irongate 区的企业。为使他们达到条件，我们应该要求他们参加特殊的项目：任何顾客在其中两家消费将在第三家得到折扣。通过刺激顾客在所有3家店消费，我们将增进每一家的利润，从而使我们的回报最大化。
【参考思路】
1. 老三家的盈利不代表新三家会盈利。做同样生意的企业，有赚有亏。
2. 考虑市场需求。原来盈利是因为没有竞争。
3. 这种优惠不一定吸引顾客，交通因素、客户群体等因素
九、
【原始】
作文是一个加盟的director , 劝一个三明治的饭店加盟，说了很多加盟的好处。降低费用，吸引客源什么的
【考古】
the following is a newsletter from the Director of Mega Burger franchise Store to the Cindy's Sandwich Store:
Mega Burger, which is the largest national chain store, invite Cindy's sandwich store to convert into the Mega Burger store. Such convert can reduce the operation costs. In addition just as people who go to clothing and home-supply store prefer the well known store, so do people who go to restaurant prefer the meal they known
一个汉堡公司写给CINDY 三文治餐厅的一个东西，内容大概是：加入大公司(还是跨国连锁神马的) 都会带来很多好处。如果三文治公司加入汉堡公司的连锁，可以降低OPERATING COST和吸引更多顾客。而且就好像人们更愿意去那些nationally known clothing and home-supply shop ，人们也更愿意去知道菜单会有什么菜的餐厅去吃饭。所以三文治公司应该立刻加入汉堡公司的大家庭。
【参考思路】
1、gratuitous assumption：不一定加入连锁店就能吸引更多的顾客，可能顾客喜欢三明治店原本的风格，加入连锁店之后反而流失客户;
2、one sidedness,：即使有可能有吸引新客户和降低采购成本等优势，同样也有潜在的劣势，比如training 员工和重新装修店面的成本上升，老板也可能会失去管理权;
3、false analogy：服装店和餐厅不可比，服装店的客户可能喜欢stable 的quality ，但餐厅的顾客喜欢推陈出新的产品，熟悉的menu 可能更让客户厌烦
十、 新药店，成本低，距离近，抢客户出现三次
【原始v1】 是关于开药店的那个 忘了寂静有没有了 就是一个叫holne's 的药店 要在某个城市开药店 但是呢 这个城市已经有了一家药店 而且市民很认可所以holne's 决定在这个药店周围开药店 而且准备在价格上刺激消费者
【原始v2】
H 药店的VP 向CEO 建议在A town投资连锁药店。因为有两家竞争者在那也开了药店。但是K 药店，这个Town 的老药店依然占整个市场份额的大部分。如果H 进入的话，选Location 的时候要选离K 近的Location, 这样能抢占K 的客户。同时，因为H 药店进货成本偏低，这样可以用价格优势打压K ，把K 的客户争取过来。
十一、 信用卡，环保
【原始】
作文写一家Credit Card Company想通过抽一部分钱donate 给a well-known environmental organization, 以此在credit card上显示环保logo ，然后increase new customers and the use of existing customers. 提到说，a recent poll显示很多人都很关心environmental issues。他们认为，采取donate 的policy ，就可以吸引更多客户，或许收益。这样，就算他们的interest rate 比competitor 高，客户也会选择使用他们公司的credit card。
【考古】
The following appeared as part of a plan proposed by an executive of the Easy Credit Company to the president.
“The Easy Credit Company would gain an advantage over competing credit card services if we were to donate a portion of the proceeds from the use of our cards to a well-known environmental organization in exchange for the use of its symbol or logo on our card. Since a recent poll shows that a large percentage of the public is concerned about environmental issues, this policy would attract new customers, increase use among existing customers, and enable us to charge interest rates that are higher than the lowest ones available.”
【范文】manhattan 上5.5
The aforementioned argument, in asserting that by the indulging in socially responsible activities Easy Credit can convince customers to opt for its credit card services over that of its competitors, appears, at first glance, to be coherent and fairly convincing. However, upon closer examination, a number of flaws become evident to such an extent that neither the argument nor the conclusion can be taken seriously. Among the most pivotal of the argument’s shortcomings are its inability to recognize, or even acknowledge, its assumptions, as well as the negligence of necessary information required to substantiate its claims.
The primary pitfall of the argument lies in the several unproven assumptions that it makes. The argument assumes that, an environmental organization would be willing to associate with the company for an undisclosed donation that Easy Credit is willing to make, while this organization might have already entered into an exclusive arrangement with one of the Easy Credit’s competitors.
Additionally, the argument assumes that, the sample used for the recent poll cited in the passage is representative of the population, at large. In truth, it may be possible that, the sample surveyed represents a small fraction of the population that is environmentally aware, as opposed to a majority of the population who would be indifferent to the environmental initiative proposed by Easy Credit Company. The lack of any genuine evidentiary support renders the argument invalid.
Although the argument relies on questionable premises and assumption, it would be presumptuous to say that the argument as a whole is without base. If the author truly wishes to convince the reader of the argument’s conclusion, he will have to take steps to remedy the fallacies cited in the above paragraphs to strengthen the argument. Possibly, by providing empirical evidence that the sample surveyed is representative of the general population, at large. Additionally, by providing examples of environmental agencies willing to associate with Easy Credit Company.
In conclusion, the argument in its present form is poorly articulated and unacceptable. The author will find it difficult to convince his readers regarding the validity of the argument, unless, he takes measures to overcome the fallacies of the argument.
十二、 香水，换代言人
【原始】 作文是说一个香水品牌的男士古龙水产品在过去三年的销售上升了30%，这期间香水的广告一直使用一个职业的运动员做广告代言人，但是近两（之前提到的三年后的两年，好像是）年销售量保持稳定，一个研究机构调查说是因为购买香水的主要用户的中老年男性。公司打算转换战略，要针对年轻的男士，所以决定用一个什么年轻的明星叫什么什么什么，他是一个teen star sensation，公司认为用了这个新的年轻明星可以让公司的古龙水销售转型，使更有潜力的年轻的男性成为购买古龙水产品，这样公司的sales 上升，因为产品可以吸引younger men everywhere.
【原始】
Company's cologne has experienced significant sales increase of 30% annually in the first four years of its launch. The company uses advertising campaign with professional sports stars and research found that most customers are middle-aged men. Cologne sale slowed down in recent years and CEO believes that they need to get younger people to use the cologne and he will hire Justin Bieber as their new spokesperson to achieve this.
十三、 Computer instruction，辍学率
【原始】
是说有个学校自从用了computer instruction 后学生的辍学率下降了而且学生还取得了许多研究成果，所以作者建议学校把预算大部分都用来购买电脑，并且要求其他别的学校也这样做。
【黄金80篇的题目】
interactive interact instruction logical logically covincing ignore decline atttibute
dropout 中途退学（学生）usage sufficient fund budget compromise comprise impressive portion proportional ultimately ultimate strengthen graduate graduation applicable apply applicant application affordable afford district
【思路】
没有排除他因。很可能是学校出台的policy 要求老师上课认真，学生更加勤奋导致的。同时发生不能说明因果。stricter discipline applied last year.
还有其他的比如加入新课引起学生的兴趣等等。counseling and training programs
错误类比，其他的学校情况跟这个不一定相同。比如很可能是艺术类等文科院校，而这个是科学类的，所以不同。
过去推将来，不对。很可能短暂的interest 之后学生会失去兴趣。或者别的什么情况发生了变化。
【范文】
The argument that the school board should buy more computers and adopt interactive computer instruction is not entirely logically convincing, since it ignores certain crucial assumptions.
First, the argument assumes that the decline of school dropout and the achievements of last year’s graduates’ results from the adoption of interactive computer instruction. However, there are several reasons why this might not be true. For example, achievements could have been made in other subjects than the ones with interactive computer instruction. Or last years’ graduates might not have been given the interactive computer instruction. Or the decline of the rate of dropout could be attributed to stricter discipline applied last year.
Second, even supposing the Nova High School’s decline of the dropout and last year’s graduates’ achievements benefit directly from the usage of interactive computer instruction, the success of the instruction in one school may not ensure the success in other schools. If it does not suit other
schools, the instruction will not work.
Finally, even if the decline of the rate of dropout and the achievements of the last year’s graduates’ are the direct results of the interactive computer instruction, we still do not know whether the school can afford to apply the instruction on all the subjects or to all the students. If the school does not have sufficient fund and has to cut budgets on other projects such as the library, the quality of the school’s education will also compromise .
Thus, the argument is not completely sound. The evidence in support of the conclusion that the dropout rate declined a nd last year’s graduates made impressive achievements does little to prove the conclusion that other schools should use a greater portion of their funds to apply the instruction since it does not address the assumptions I have already raised. Ultimately, the argument might have been strengthened by making it clear that the decline of the dropout rate and the achievements of the graduates are the direct results of interactive computer instruction, that the instruction is also applicable to other schools in the district, and that the instruction is affordable to all the schools in the district.
十四、 Restaurant, profit, college
【原始】 GP 在一个town 的college 旁开了一家restaurant ，这个college 有几千人，GP 发现他的餐馆销售很好，决定拓展他的生意，在周围的town 和city 再开三家分店，他准备提升他的原始店的三个employee 为manager ，他estimate 他的profits 会涨三倍
【考古】
The argument was about a paragraph from a restaurant business newsletter about small franchise restaurants.
A small restaurant owner, George, opened a pita restaurant in a college town Sallon. His restaurant has been quite successful for the last 2 years. So he decided to open another 3 restaurants in nearby cities and towns. He also plans to promote his 3 employees who have been trained under him to be the managers of the new restaurants. He expects his profits will trip after all restaurants are opened.
【思路】
1. 两年前的生意好不代表今后生意也会好。错误类比吧：其他地方的顾客可能没有第一家餐馆的地方多，没那么多students ，所以不一定生意好。 2. 雇员当分店经理了可能管理水平不行啦之类的
十五、 长期经验降低成本，增加收益
【原始】
Over time, the costs of processing go down because as organizations learn how to do things better, they become more efficient. In color film processing, for example, the cost of a 3-by-5-inch print fell from 50 cents for five-day service in 1970 to 20 cents for one-day service in 1984. The same principle applies to the processing of food. And since Olympic Foods will soon celebrate the 25th birthday, we can expect that our long experience will enable us to minimize costs and thus maximize profits.
十六、 大学，社区，私人，医院
【原始】坐稳是关于大学医院不如社区和私人医院那篇
十七、 建gym ，减少医疗成本， balance budget
【原始】
一个memo ，讲的是一个manager 给当地的municipal concil的建议：调查表明多运动的人明显比不运动的人少去医院，所以给concil 的employee 新建一个gym 可以明显减少医疗保险成本，从而达到concil 所预期的balance budget
【考古】The following appeared in a memo to the Saluda town council from the town’s business manager.
“Research indicates that those who exercise regularly are hospitalized less than half as often as those who don’t exercise. By providing a well-equipped gym for Saluda’s municipal employees, we should be able to reduce the cost of our group health insurance coverage by approximately 50% and thereby achieve a balanced town budget.”
【思路】
1. 建造体育馆的话费可能会超过insurance 上省下来的钱，带来给的负债。
2. 建造好了，municipal employees 也不一定去。或是，现在的municipal 是不是已经很
健康，不需要gym 。
3. Survey 这个可信度。Less than half怎么得出的，取样是否有代表性？
4. 现在insurance 这么高，病人这么多是不是有他因：环境污染。建造体育馆能否达到预
期效果
【范文】In this memo Saluda’s business manager recommends that the town provide a gym for its employees as a means of balancing the town’s budget. The manager reasons that since studies show that people who exercise regularly are hospitalized less than half as often than those who don’t exercise, Saluda could save approx imately 50% on the cost of its group health insurance coverage by providing its employees with a well-equipped gym. The savings on insurance would balance the town’s budget. The manager’s argument is unconvincing because it rests on several unsupported and dubious assumptions.
First, the manager assumes that Saluda’s employees will exercise regularly if a well -equipped facility is provided for them. This assumption is questionable since the mere fact that a gym is made available for employee use is no guarantee that they will avail themselves of it at all, let alone on a regular basis.
Second, the manager assumes that Saluda’s employees do not exercise regularly. Once again, the manager offers no support for this crucial assumption. Obviously, if all of Saud a’s employees already engage in daily exercise, the hospitalization rate will be unaffected by equipping an exercise facility and no savings will be realized on the group health insurance.
Third, the manager assumes that there is a direct relation between the hospitalization rate for employees and the cost of their group health insurance such that a reduction in the hospitalization rate will result in a corresponding reduction in the cost of insurance. While this may turn out to be true, the manager has failed to offer any evidence for this claim.
Finally, the manager assumes that the cost of building a well-equipped exercise facility will not negate the savings realized on the group health insurance. Until evidence has been provided to show that this is not the case, the manager’s plan is unacceptable.
In conclusion, the business manager’s proposal to provide an exercise facility as a means of balancing Saluda’s budget is not convincing. To strengthen the argument, evidence would have to be provided for each of the assumptions listed in the previous analysis.
十八、 Expand ，收购, autos
【原始】 一个汽车公司Fleet Autos 的CEO 表示，为了更好的发展以及expand 国际市场，要收购falling 到濒临破产的Futura Auto 。这个Futura 公司在Galaxia 的市场可以成为Fleet 的市场，此前Fleet 是没有进入这个市场的。此外，Futura 生产Fleet 此前赖以成功的车型（Models ）的话，可以使Futura 的经营好转。最后，为了保证Transition 顺利，在保留大部分workforce 的同时，要替代当前的Marketing 和Management teams。 【 考古】
A letter to the shareholders of Fleet Motors: the CEO of Fleet Motors plans to acquire Futra Autos (a falling company) in the country of Galaxia, in order to expand Fleet Motor's international market and he/she believes that the rapidly increasing population in Galaxia will become future customer base of Fleet Motors. In addition, the management of Fleet Motors decides to retain the current workforce of Futra Autos and replace their management by the excellent Fleet Motor's employees.
【参考思路】
1 新经理不一定能够适应异国公司
2 Futra Autos要倒闭，很多原因。有可能说明市场环境不好，或是已经竞争很激烈。
3 expand the customer base for motor: auto和motor 的产品不一定匹配，面向各户群体也不同
4 G国人口增加不一定导致未来Fleet Motors 的顾客增加，要考虑比如当地购买力或者国家政策导向
话说这道题的思路网上还有很多，我感觉都很奇怪。比如：
单因果错误Casual-relationship ——有他因(扩展international market的方式有很多种，acquire Futra Autos只是其中的一种，还可以直接建立分公司或者与当地企业合资，不一定非要采取收购，也不一定非要选择从G 国进入)
错误类比a false analogy(auto和motor 的销售和管理存在差异，用优秀的motor 的员工来管理和销售auto 不一定合适)
时地全等all things are equal(过去经验现在不一定适用，之前成功的车型不代表未来还能成功)
看个人怎么选择吧，挑几个你认为最合理的，最适合发挥的写。
十九、 Adida, palm, retail price
【原始】一个shop owner of a clothing retail chain 给他的合作伙伴写信说，“近年来Adida 地的retail price 一直呈稳定上升趋势，而Palm 地区的则不变。所以，A 地的门面价格比P 地高了。所以我们要在P 地买一间门面，为了（原谅我记不清）利润（吧~）。
二十、 Restway motel, ambassador moter, profit
【原始】 Restway Motel的一个manager 说他们酒店给顾客提供了许多免费的服务设施，包括无线网络，同城电话等等。但是他们发现好多顾客都不怎么take advantage of the use of them 。并且另外一家Ambassador Motel 他们对要用这些服务的顾客分开收费，这样用省下来的钱为顾客提供更好的meal 。所以Restway Motel决定取消那些免费的服务，跟Ambassador 一样对要用的顾客单独收费。这样就可以提高他们的profits 。
二十一、 服装店，家居
The following appeared as part of a recommendation from the business manager of a department store.
“Local clothing stores reported that their profits decreased, on average, for the three-month period between August 1 and October 31. Stores that sell products for the home reported that,
on average, their profits increased during this same period. Clearly, consumers are choosing to buy products for their homes instead of clothing. To take advantage of this trend, we should reduce the size of our clothing departments and enlarge our home furnishings and household products departments.”
【参考思路】
1 时间太短，不足以说明趋势，过去的三个月也不一定代表未来趋势会如此
2 因果关系错误。衣服减少不一定是home 购买增加造成的。
三. 推理错误(必要性)reduced the size of clothing department 不是唯一途径 establish a new shopping mall only sell the household products
二十二、 Citrus, 价格过快增长
【考古】Over the past decade, the price per pound of citrus fruit has increased substantially. Eleven years ago, Megamart charged 5 cents apiece for lemons, but today it commonly charges over 30 cents apiece. In only one of these last eleven years was the weather unfavorable for growing citrus crops. Evidently, then, citrus growers have been responsible for the excessive increase in the price of citrus fruit, and strict pricing regulations are needed to prevent them from continuing to inflate prices.”
【参考思路】
1 lemon单一例子不足以证明整体涨价过快。
2 其他因素也可能造成citrus 产量不高，比如适宜种植citrus 的本来就不多
3 严格的价格控制，果农种植积极性降低，产量更低，结果产生更为严重的inflate prices
【范文】 In this editorial the author argues for the imposition of strict pricing regulations in order to prevent citrus growers from continued inflation of prices of citrus fruit. The need for such regulation is supported by the author’s contention that citrus growers have been unnecessarily raising prices of citrus fruit in the past. The evidence for this allegation is the fact that the price of lemons at Megamart has increased from 15 cents per pound to over a dollar a pound during the preceding 11-year period. The author maintains that this increase is unjustifiable because weather conditions have been favorable to citrus production in all but one of those years. This argument is flawed for several reasons.
First and foremost, the author assumes that the only factor that influences the price of citrus fruit is the weather. Other factors such as monetary inflation, increased distribution and labor costs, or alterations in supply and demand conditions are completely ignored as possible sources for the increase. The charge that citrus growers have unnecessarily raised prices can be sustained only if these and other possible factors can be completely ruled out as contributing to the price increases. Since the author fails to address these factors, the recommendation calling for strict pricing regulations can be dismissed out of hand as frivolous.
Second, the author assumes that the only way to combat increased prices is through government intervention. In a free enterprise system many other means of affecting the pricing of goods are available. For example, boycotting a product and thereby influencing supply and demand conditions of the commodity is an effective means of influencing the price of the product. In a free market economy the call for price regulation by the government should occur only when all other means to rectify the problem have been exhausted.
In conclusion, the author’s argument is unconvincing. To strengthen the argument it would be necessary to show that the only factor influencing the price increases is the growers’ desire for
increased profits.
二十三、 失业率，工业，转型
应该把目光放在某某市上，因为1他的失业率低于平均水平；2是工业中心，历史上它的什么和什么很好；3想要商业转型，attracting 一些高新技术公司这个好像也木有
二十四、 Courses, higher proportion, eliminating 【原始】“The Saluda Consolidated High School offers more than 200 different courses from which its students can choose. A much smaller private school down the street offers a basic curriculum of only 80 different courses, but it consistently sends a higher proportion of its graduating seniors on to college than Consolidated does. By eliminating at least half of the courses offered there and focusing on a basic curriculum, we could improve student performance at Consolidated and also save many tax dollars.”
【参考思路】
1 因果错误，课程多少并不是低proportion 的原因。
2 Insufficient example:只是一个小学校的例子并不能说明只要course 少入学率就高 3 入学率作为衡量 students’ performance的标准，不恰当。
【范文】
The author concludes that the Saluda Consolidated High School can enhance student performance by reducing at least half of the courses available there, and only concentrating on a fundamental curriculum. To substantiate the conclusion, the author claims that this project is adopted by a much smaller private school nearby. The outcome is very successful because higher proportion of its graduates enters colleges than that of Consolidated. This argument, however, fails to be persuasive for the author's questionable assumptions and weak analogy.
Most conspicuously, the author only concerns with the proportion of graduate seniors attending a college as only one condition to evaluate educational effectiveness yet ignore many relevant factors. In fact, a High School's quality is determined by a whole bunch of school, including its faculties, facilities, curriculum, recreation activities, and so on. A complimentary award also plays an important role. Besides, that some students do not continue further study does not mean they are disqualified to enroll to colleges. They perhaps continue to learn what they are interested in but do not attend at colleges or universities, such as foreign language school, dancing class, cooking school, and so on. Therefore, the evaluation of the Saluda Consolidated High School's quality only by the proportion of students studying higher level of education is incomplete.
Also, the author assumes that only a single step change in the number of courses can improve quality of teaching. Presumably, the smaller private school down the street succeeds in educational quality due to many factors combined together, such as knowledgeable professors, extracurricular activities, job training program and international study. It can be reasonably assumed that currently the Saluda Consolidated High School has lower performance because it lacks these criteria. The best way is to add them into the school. Eliminating current course may make everything even worse. If this is the case, then the author's conclusion is extremely weakened.
Finally, the author's line of reasoning is the weak analogy between the Saluda Consolidated High School and the smaller private school down the street. There is no logical connection between these two schools, and the author does not attempt to show any connection either. Perhaps,
these two schools have nothing in common. For example, the number of student population in each school is remarkably different. In addition, we do not know whether the Saluda Consolidated High School is public or private school. If it is public school, then the policy may be disparate from that of private school. The argument would have been strong if the author could provide the missing connection or prove that these two schools are comparable.
In summary, this argument is unwarranted. To strengthen the conclusion, the author would have to provide more evidences that the Saluda Consolidated High School provides too much courses which are not necessary to its students. The school should analyze the quality of curriculum meticulously prior to making any decision. Moreover, supporting information which links between student performance and the number of students attending colleges should be given. Most importantly, the author has to guarantee that the Saluda Consolidated High School and the smaller private school down the street are comparable. Without such evidences mentioned above, this argument is still logically unconvincing, and fails to impress the readers.
二十五、 Housing rate, revenue,
【原始】作文：一个学校今年的housing rate和housing revenue比去年下降了，所以学校为了改善这个状况决定采取两个措施： 1. reduce the number of available houses to increase the rate。
2. lower rent to increase demand, thus keeping students from off-camous living 二十六、 太残了，求大神考古
【原始】作文考的是技术部门要求在软件上增加投资使员工效率提高，使利润增加 二十七、 Healthier ， organic ， fitness gym
【原始】是说现在人们more interest in eat healthier, one way to eat more healthier is to eat organic food ,so 作者建议在all of the three fitness gym 都开一个organic food 商店，这样就可以大大的盈利了。
【考古】没有找到原文，欢迎提供
People are interested in eating healthier, one way is to eat organic food which is grown without chemical and pesticide. Government is supportive for organic food. One grocery manager is recommending expanding their 3 out of 4 existing store to sell organic food.
【参考思路】
1 eating healthier和organic food 之间没有直接联系。
2 在fitness gym开organic food不合适。地点，消费者习惯。
3 organic food 可能很贵，所以销量不高，不一定能够大大盈利。
二十八、 Cereal ， adult women， children consumer 【原始】讲FF 公司的cereal 以前是adult women买的多 但是last 2 years的数据显示children consumer 变多了 所以FF 公司要把所有的cereal 都换成children 的。
【考古】
V1有个数据得出woman 比man 更多地买cereal food. 而且由于近些年children 的数量增长了15%~20%,所以应该增加针对children 的cereal. 还要做广告神马的,, 由于这个corporation will stand out, 所以他们的profit 会增加.
V2一个公司叫做Fieflake 经营cereal line.过去一直65%消费者主要是adult women。但是过去两年，children increase16%to25%.因此，公司的新策略是转移正对children. 这个公司产品现在的产品包装是对whole family. 别的公司也是对whole family. 因此这个公司准备生产children's line这样只有它一个公司生产这种东西可以避免竞争力和增加销售
【参考思路】
1 children 增加不一定，不一定带来需求。Children 不吃这玩意。
2 更换产品包装，新产品推广成本可能大于销售的增加。
3 其他公司可能也在准备children 包装，或是迅速模仿，竞争力已然存在。
二十九、 Recession ，new location， Helios
【原始】第一句就是conclusion ，讲的是corporation 是city Helios 所需要做的一步。在recent ressesion, 尽管Helios 的umempolyment is lower than the average of the other region.(大概是这样）。然后说Helios 是历史上的industrial centre of the region。接着是说expand the city的方法是吸引有着新的技术和啥啥的公司。
【考古】
Corporations should look to the city of Helios when seeking new business opportunities or a new location. Even in the recent recession, Helios’s unemployment rate was lower than the regional average. It is the industrial center of the region, and historically it has provided more than its share of the region’s manufacturing jobs. In addition, Helios is attempting to expand its economic base by attracting companies that focus on research and development of innovative technologies.
【范文】
In this article, corporations are encouraged to settle their business in the city of Helios when seeking new business opportunities or a new location. The recommendation is based on the fact that Helios is the industrial center of the region, given that the city provided more than its share of manufacturing jobs and its unemployment rate is lower than average. Furthermore, the city is taking efforts to expand the economic base of the city by attracting companies that focus on research and development of innovative technologies. This argument is somewhat persuasive but not convincing for the following two reasons.
First, lower-than-average unemployment rate seems attractive to job applicants, but actually not good for corporations. Because of the lower than average unemployment rate in Helios, companies that should recruit large numbers of employees would not find Helios a great place. Lower unemployment rate means that the incoming corporations will have to recruit new workers outside the city of Helios or lure the existing workers away from their current jobs with higher wages. Both of these two alternatives will result in higher recruiting costs, and therefore make Helios a BAD place for business. Second, it is questionable whether the available labor in Helios could support all types of business. Even though the city of Helios has great environment for industrial and manufacturing companies, it is likely that the local prospective employees are not suitable for other types of corporations, such as financial service companies. Furthermore, the city’s attempt to attract companies that focus on research and development of innovative technologies does not necessarily result in the expanding economic base as it expect. In sum, the author did not provide compelling reasons for why Helios is a great site for a company wishing to relocate. Nor has the author provided compelling reasons for companies seeking new business opportunities to choose Helios. If the author had included the above items, it may be more convincing.
三十、 High sales， decreasing profit margin， coffee café
【原始】我的作文是，一个杂货店（咖啡店？忘记了反正是一个G 什么的名词）的销售额这几年一直在增长，但是利润却一直在下降。他们这个杂货店的顾客都是一些WEALTHY CUSTOMER，他们享受这个杂货店经历还有他们昂贵的东西吧。然后这个店为了增加利润觉得通过降低COST, 途径是解雇10个员工在EACH STORES 另外取消一些昂贵的展示品+取消送免费小样。然后这样的降低COST ，会使得STORES 的POPULARITY FEATURES受到影响，然后为了OFFSET 这个，这个G 决定和一个CAFE 的连锁合作开SMALL CAFE COUNTER。调查显示这个CAFE 的主要服务对象也是WEALTHY CUSTOMER。所以这样可以使得利润增长。
【考古】a local chain Greentree Grocers has been experiencing high sales volume but decreasing profit margin. Its customers are wealthy people looking for gourmet food and luxury shopping experience, so it must cut costs without hurting the customers' shopping experience. So it plans to layoff 10 employees per store and eliminate expensive displays and free samples. In addition, it will partner with Cabaree Coffee Cafe to have a coffee shop in each store. This is supported by a recent survey that the Grocers and the Cafe attract similar types of customers. The
conclusion is that Greentree Grocers will experience high sales volume as well as high profit margin.
【参考思路】
1 assumption is questionable ：裁员，减少expensive display and free samples 可能影响用户体验
2 没有数据显示，开咖啡店增加的收入能弥补装修等cost
3 survey报告不具体，不能直接用于GC 。
三十一、 Cost of processing go down， do things better， efficient
【原始】作文抽到的是绿色og13 sample topics 的第一题原题！“overtime, the costs of processing go down because as organizations learn how to do things better, they become more efficient......"
【考古】The following appeared as part of an annual report sent to stockholders by Olympic Foods, a processor of frozen foods.
“Over time, the costs of processing go down because as organizations learn how to do things better, they become more efficient. In color film processing, for example, the cost of a 3-by-5-inch print fell from 50 cents for five-day service in 1970 to 20 cents for one-day service in 1984. The same principle applies to the processing of food. And since Olympic Foods will soon celebrate its twenty-fifth birthday, we can expect that our long experience will enable us to minimize costs and thus maximize profits.”
【参考思路】【范文】OG 第一篇，值得自己思考下。然后再百度下。 三十二、 Volunteer ambulance, commercial 【原始】一个review 表明，某town 的volunteer ambulance到达事故地点的平均时间要比commercial ambulance长，所以为了提高应对紧急情况的水平，并为这个城镇的ambulance 服务collect fees，应该用commercial ambulance而不是volunteer ambulance。
三十三、 新航线，利润，削减
【原始】是一个航空公司因为油价上涨，同时多开辟了几条新航线，所以利润下跌。其他的航空公司在削减了几条航线外利润上升，所以这家航空公司也要削减这几条新开的航线。
三十四、 再生能源，mining
【原始v1】Balstocm is a company providing mining technology, rencently the mining industry start to decline and Balstocm's revenue and stock prices suffered. Renewable industry is a booming industry, some company succeeded in this new industry, such as solar power, wind power and xxxxx. Balstcom should shift all its research staff to those fields since the industry is such promising and Balstcom is sure to improve its profits and stock market performance.
【原始v2】說的是last year demand of mining industry下降, 從而整個industry 的stock price和profits 也下降了。Blastcom Corporation主要業務就有這個。然後作者就建議create a new strategy focusing on renewable tech, 比如wind engery, solar energy, etc. 他說只有這樣才能ensure the Blastcom's stock price and profits, and be safety in the coming years.
【考古】v2
Due to the decline demand of the mining technology, all the related corporations are suffering form decline of profit and sales this year, including Blastcom Corporation. Blastcom Corporation is considering adopting one growth strategy: to shift some of the researchers from mining technology to the renewable energy technology, the demand for the renewable energy such as solar energy. Some of the prominent companies which market the renewable energy are successful in recent years. Therefore, it is guaranteed that company Blastcom will also be successful in the future by providing renewable energy
【参考思路】
1 类比错误，其他公司succeed 不等同与B 也可以。
2 没有理由shift “all ” its research staff
3 无根据，decline 不一定非要转型，可以延伸产业等。
五月GMAT 作文机经 目录
一、
sugar ，deficit ，lower 二、
Kool Kone, ice cream, loan（两次） 三、
Shopping mall, oak city 四、
Cookville, efficient， 五、
Investment, home, stock（两次） 六、
membership fees， swimming pool 七、
Screamland Amusement Park 八、
投资报告，三家店，pizza (三次) 九、
三明治，加盟，吸引客户，减少operation costs 十、 新药店，成本低，距离近，抢客户（出现四次）（残）
十一、 信用卡，环保
十二、 香水，代言人（两次）
十三、 Computer instruction，辍学率
十四、 Restaurant, profit, college
十五、 长期经验降低成本，增加收益
十六、 大学，社区，私人，医院
十七、 建gym ，减少医疗成本， balance budget(两次) 十八、 Expand ，收购, autos（残）
十九、 Adida, palm, retail price
二十、 Restway motel, ambassador moter, profit(两次) （残）
二十一、 服装店，家居
二十二、 Citrus, 价格过快增长（两次）
二十三、 失业率，工业，转型（残）
二十四、 Courses, higher proportion, eliminating（两次）
二十五、 Housing rate, revenue（残）
二十六、 （残）、
二十七、 Healthier ， organic ， fitness gym
二十八、 Cereal ， adult women， children consumer
二十九、 Recession ，new location， Helios
三十、 High sales， decreasing profit margin， coffee cafe
三十一、 Cost of processing go down， do things better， efficient
三十二、 Volunteer ambulance, commercial
三十三、 新航线，利润，削减（残）
三十四、 再生能源，mining
一、 sugar ，deficit ，lower 五月六日 北美 “The country of Sacchar can best solve its current trade deficit problem by lowering the price of sugar, its primary export. Such an action would make Sacchar better able to compete for markets with other sugar-exporting countries. The sales of Sacchar ’s sugar abroad would increase, and this increase would substantially reduce Sacchar’s trade deficit.’
【译文】
以下是周刊中的一片文章的节选：
S 国可以运用降低蔗糖的价格的方法，来很好的解决了它最近的贸易赤字，而蔗糖一直是其主要的出口商品。这一行为将能使S 国在与其他蔗糖出口国的市场竞争中处于有利地位，而S 国海外的蔗糖销量将会增加，而销量的增加将带来贸易赤字的大量减少。
【参考思路】
1比起价格下降而带来的损失产量提高的影响是不是更大不是定数Increasing sales by lowering the price of sugar will not yield an increase in income unless the increase in sales is sufficient to overcome the loss in income due to the lower price. in the absence of ...
2可能性价比本来就很有竞争力了不需要降价，也可能价格已经很低了没有降低的空间了
3降低进口可能是一个更好的办法A trade-deficit occurs when a country spends more on imports than it earns from exports. However, the author provides no evidence that substantiates this assumption. It is possible that revenues from imports will increase dramatically in the near future; if so, the course of action proposed by the author might be unnecessary to solve Sacchar's trade deficit problem. To the extent that the case...
【参考范文】
The author of this article argues that the country of Sacchar can best solve its current trade deficit problem by lowering the price of its main export, sugar. The line of reasoning is that this action would make Sacchar more competitive with other sugar-exporting countries, thereby increasing sales of Sacchar’s sugar abroad and, in turn, substantially reducing the trade-deficit. This line of reasoning is unconvincing for a couple of reasons.
In the first place, this argument is based on an oversimplified analysis of the trade deficit problem Sacchar currently faces. A trade-deficit occurs when a country spends more on imports than it earns from exports. The author’s argument relies on the assumption that earnings from imports will remain constant. However, the author provides no evidence that substantiates this assumption. It is possible that revenues from imports will increase dramatically in the near future; if so, the course of action proposed by the author might be unnecessary to solve Sacchar’s trade deficit problem. Conversely, it is possible that revenues from imports are likely to decrease dramatically in the near future. To the extent that this is the case, lowering sugar prices may have a negligible countervailing effect, depending on the demand for Sacchar’s sugar.
In the second place, increasing sales by lowering the price of sugar will not yield an increase in income unless the increase in sales is sufficient to overcome the loss in income due to the lower price. This raises three questions the author fails to address. First, will a price decrease in fact stimulate demand? Second, is demand sufficient to meet the increase in supply? Third, can Sacchar increase the sugar production sufficiently to overcome the deficit? In the absence of answers to these questions, we cannot assess the author’s proposal.
In conclusion, the author provides an incomplete analysis of the problem and, as a result, provides a questionable solution. To better evaluate the proposal, we would need to know how revenues from imports are likely to change in the future. To strengthen the argument, the author must provide evidence that demand is sufficient to meet the proposed increase in supply, and that Sacchar has sufficient resources to accommodate the increase.
二、 Kool Kone, ice cream, loan 区域不详
The following appeared as part of a memorandum from the loan department of the Frostbite National Bank:
“We should not approve the business loan application of the local group that wants to open a franchise outlet for the Kool Kone chain of ice cream parlors. Frostbite is known for its cold winters, and cold weather can mean slow ice cream sales. For example, even though Frostbite is a town of 10,000 people, it has only one ice cream spot —the Frigid Cow. Despite the lack of competition, the Frigid Cow’s net revenues fell by 10 percent last winter.”
思路：
* 排除他因，净收入下降的原因是什么? 可能是经营不好，草率定价，甚至正因为缺乏竞争导致了这些。
* 寒冷冬天不等于没有夏天，也不等于夏天短暂。不能说明原因。
# Other factors in deciding whether to give loan to a company such as the credit of the company should be considered.
# Admittedly, the former and prospective performance of the company is also important when the bank have to make decision of whether or not should it give loan to a company. However, the author of the memorandum show no sufficient evidence to support his or her proposal that the bank should not give loan to Kool Kone chain of ice cream parlors.
# The statistics last year does not necessarily denote the future trend.
范文：
In this memorandum the loan department of Frostbite National Bank recommends against approval of a business loan to a local group that wants to open an ice creamparlor. In support of this decision the loan department points out that Frostbite has a reputation for cold winters and sales of ice cream decrease in cold weather. This latter point is buttressed by the fact that Frostbite’s only ice cream parlor suffered a 10 percent decline in net revenues the previous winter. The loan department’s decision is questionable for the following reasons.
To begin with, since it is reasonable to expect a decline in ice cream sales during winter months, it is difficult to assess the relevance of the fact that Frostbite has cold winters to the potential success of the Kool Kone franchise. Common sense suggests that this fact would be significant only if it turned out that Frostbite’s winter season lasted 9 or 10 months as it does in arctic regions. In that case slow sales could be expected for most of the year and the loan department’s opposition to the loan would be readily understandable. If, on the other hand, Frostbite’s winter season lasts only a few months and the remainder of the year is warm or hot, it is difficult to comprehend the loan department’s reasoning.
Next, the loan department assumes that the Frigid Cow’s decline in net revenue last winter was a result of slow sales occasioned by cold weather. While this is a possible reason for the decline, it is not the only factor that could account for it. For example, other factors such as poor business practices or lack of inventory could be responsible for the Frigid Cow’s loss of revenue. The loan department’s failure to investigate or even consider these and other possible explanations for the Frigid Cow’s decline in revenue renders their decision highly suspect.
In conclusion, the loan department’s decision is ill-founded. To better evaluate the decision, we would need to know more about the length and severity of Frostbite’s winter season. Moreover, evidence would have to be provided to support the assumption that the Frigid Cow’s loss of revenue last winter was a direct result of the cold weather.
三、 Shopping mall, oak city 区域不详
“The construction last year of a shopping mall in downtown Oak City was a mistake. Since the mall has opened, a number of local businesses have closed, and the downtown area suffers from an acute parking shortage, and arrests for crime and vagrancy have increased in the nearby Oak City Park. Elm City should pay attention to the example of the Oak City mall and deny the application to build a shopping mall in Elm City.”
【参考思路】
1、Gratuitous Assumption——无根据结论： A 不导致B
1商场的建立不一定导致local businesses 关门：shopping mall 吸引人气，商场附近会有更多人流，潜在顾客会增多，反而可能使当地的商业繁荣
2商场的建立不一定导致停车场不足：长期来看，shopping mall会使当地税收增加，政府有更多的钱用来修路和停车场，停车问题会改善
3商场的建立也不一定导致犯罪和流浪汉增多，商场的建立会增加就业机会，穷人有了稳定的工作就不会去犯罪或者流浪，长期看会减少犯罪和流浪者
2、有他因
1local 商业关门可能是其他原因造成的，如政府税收太高，当地商人纷纷选择移民 2停车场不足可能是其他的因素造成，比如正值非洲66国元首集体访问oka 市，市政府采取单双号限行，造成车位紧张
3犯罪和流浪者增多可能是其他因素造成的，比如房价太高，大学生毕业找不到工作，只好选择犯罪或者流浪
1、 False analogy:(Oak city 和Elm city 不能做类比，因为这两座城市的经济状况，基础设施和生活水平都是不同的。)
2、可疑调查survey is doubtful(以上提到的几项调查数据全部来源不明，可能不够中立客观)
【参考范文】
此范文与该题略有出入，是老版本的题目，请大家在考场上小心：
老题题干：
“The construction of last year of a shopping mall in downtown Oak City has done little for the residents of the community. Since the mall has opened, a number of local businesses have closed, and the downtown area suffers from an acute parking shortage. In addition, because the mall ’s owner lives in nearby Elm City, the profits derived from sales at the mall are not being returned to the community. These problems, coupled with the increase in trash and litter in nearby Oak City park, demonstrate that Oak City did not use good judgment in allowing the construction of the mall in the first place.”
In this editorial the author rebukes Oak City for allowing the construction of a new downtown shopping mall. Citing a number of problems that have occurred since the building of the mail, the author concludes that the residents of Oak City have not benefited from the mail and that Oak City exercised poor judgment in allowing the mail to be built. Among the problems cited by the author are the closure of local businesses, lack of parking in the downtown area, and increased trash and litter in a city park near the mall. Moreover, the author argues that profits derived from sales are not benefiting Oak City because the owner of the mall lives in another city. The author’s argument is problematic in several respects.
In the first place, the author assumes that addition of the new mall is the cause of the various problems cited. The only evidence offered to support this claim is that the construction of the mall occurred before these problems manifested themselves. However, this evidence is insufficient to establish the claim in question. A chronological relationship is only one of the indicators of a causal relationship between two events.
In the second place, the author has focused only on negative effects the mall has had on the city. A more detailed analysis of the situation might reveal that the positive benefits for the city far outweigh the problems on which the author focuses. For example, new jobs might have been created for the residents of Oak City, and tax revenues might have been increased for the city. Lacking a more comprehensive analysis of the impact of the mail on Oak City, it is presumptuous on the part of the author to conclude that Oak City’s decision to allow the mall to be built was incorrect.
In conclusion, the author ’s argument is unconvincing. To strengthen the argument the author would have to demonstrate that the construction of the mall caused the various problems mentioned. The author would also have to show that the negative effects of the project outweighed the positive effects.
四、 Cookville, efficient五月七日 成都
The following appeared as part of an article in the local newspaper:
Our factory in Cookville is our most advanced and efficient. It is capable of producing ten drill bits for each of production costs, whereas none of our other factories can produce more than seven drill bits per dollar of production costs. Therefore, we can reduce our overall drill bit production by devoting the Cookville factory entirely to drill bit production. Since reducing the production costs of individual machine parts is the only way to achieve our larger goal of reducing our overall production costs, dedicating the Cookville factory entirely to drill bit production and shifting all other machine part machine to our other factories will help us to attain that larger goal.
【参考思路】
这个argument 的思路绕来绕去就是有three mojor flaws: reduce costs by devoting entirely drill bit production to C; the only way to reduce costs is to reduce production costs; shifting the production of the other parts to other factories is the appropriate way to go 针对这三个 direct or indirect conlusions 写就行了
1: although C produce more bits per dollar, the reason may be that C has high- skilled workers, total new and high- quality machines, or less amounts of orders(订单) thus entirely shifting is fallacious, the results may be that the workers may be too tired and have too much burden, the machines would be worn out, and all this could contribute to the lowering of the productivity
2: the management assumes without further more evidence that reucing the productions costs is the only way to enhance cost -effective production process: 可以train workers , 引进new technologies, 定期维修老旧设备，提高management strategy...
3: 就是转移制造这一部分：也许转移制造之后 cargo and transporting fees would roar因为sporadically 分布的 工厂可以及时供货，集中在一个地方不利于 供货， 而且shifting 牵扯到 搬家的费用：那些cumbersome machine怎么转移啊, 人员怎么迁移啊。。。这些都是huge expense, may not weighover the elevation of the productivity
五、 Investment, home, stock
【考古】Now is the perfect time to buy a house in our city. Over the past five years, average home prices in our region have nearly doubled. But average stock prices in the national stock
market have actually declined over the same period. So homeowners have seen an increase in value for their housing investment during the last five years that far exceeds what they could have made by investing in the stock market. Our city’s residents can surely achieve a similar profit over the next five years. Furthermore, if residents invest in a home, they can enjoy the use of the home while its value increase, whereas money invested in stocks would not contribute to their quality of life in the same way that owning a home would. Therefore, all the residents of our city should invest their money in a home.
【范文】
In this realtor’s brochure, the real estate company advises all residents to invest their money in houses rather than in stocks. This advice is based on two questionable assumptions: first, the stock market has declined over the past five years whereas the housing market has doubled in value over the same period; second, owning a house improves a person’s quality of life. However, I do not find the advice logically convincing because oversimplification makes it problematic in two main respects.
First of all, an investor would be simplistic and short-sighted to base a life-long investment policy on so short a period as five years. The real estate’s company argument fails to account for the fact that markets, including the stock market, move in cycles, with downturn following upswing as the cycle is repeated. The advice of the real estate company might prompt residents to sell off valuable stocks at a loss at the moment the stock market is about to recover.
Second, just as the stock market produces cycles, the housing market produces bubbles. House prices simply cannot go on increasing indefinitely and if they have indeed doubled over the past five years, the market could be due for a correction. In 2006 and 2007, Americans invested in property for the same reasons that this real estate company claims, namely that the housing market had been rising steadily and that everyone should enjoy the benefits of home ownership. However, by mid-2008, the overheated housing market imploded, leaving many of these new home owners with losses and high mortgage payments. Following the real estate company’s advice could lead people to buy houses at the moment the housing market is about to collapse. Finally, even if it is true that the housing market has consistently offered a higher return than the stock market, the argument that a house adds to the quality of one’s life is still questionable since it fails to take into account the costs of home ownership. A homeowner commits to living in one fixed location with less flexibility of moving; he also needs to pay the costs of maintenance, utilities, property taxes, and insurance. Furthermore, a homeowner is responsible for mortgage payments over a long period of time and at rates which might increase in the future. Because home ownership, whether or not it is a sound financial investment, is not appropriate for everyone, recommending all residents to invest their money in a home is simplistic and irresponsible.
Clearly, the advice of the real estate company is self-serving, so it is not in the best interests of all residents. The real estate company fails to take into account the cyclical nature of the stock market and the housing market, and also fails to consider the costs of home ownership. Therefore, people considering choosing between buying stocks and buying a house would be well advised to research further these additional considerations that are absent from the real estate’s analysis.
六、 Swimming pool
【原始】某地5年前建了一个游泳池，结果会员的数量猛增，所以现在应该再新建一些设施，
可以让利润增长，会员费增加。又说他们这个取悦只有他们一家，没有其他竞争。3个flaw ，全啦~~ 【考古】：No. 104 The following appeared as part of a business plan created by the management of the Take Heart Fitness Center.
“After opening the new swimming pool earl y last summer, Take Heart saw a 12 percent increase in the use of the center by members. Therefore, in order to increase the number of our members and thus our revenues, which depend on membership fees, we should continue to add new recreational facilities in subsequent years: for example, a multipurpose game room, a tennis court, and a miniature golf course. Being the only center in the area offering this range of activities would give us a competitive advantage in the health and recreation market.” Take Heart健身中心的管理者起草的商业计划：
去年夏天开了新的游泳池以后，TH 发现会员对中心的使用率增加了12%。因此，为了增加我们的会员数量来增加收入，我们应该在以后几年中继续增加新的娱乐设施：比如，一个多功能游戏室，一个网球场，一个迷你高尔夫球场。作为本地唯一一家提供各种活动的健身中心，我们将在健身和娱乐市场建立竞争优势。
【思路】
忽略他因。
错误类比。
收入和支出
causal oversimplification
a benefit-cost analysis should be given
Whether the proposed recreational facilities are popular among the people of this area is unknown.
【范文】
Because Take Heart Fitness Center experienced a 12 percent increase in member usage as a result of opening a new swimming pool last summer, the author recommends the addition of new recreational facilities in subsequent years as a means of increasing membership in Take Heart. The author’s recommendation is problematic for several reasons.
First, and foremost, the author assumes that an increase in member usage portends an increase in membership. This assumption may hold true in some cases. However, it is unlikely to hold true in the case at hand, because it is reasonable to expect that members would visit the fitness center to inspect and try out the new swimming pool. This would account for the increase in usage. However, since the author provides no evidence that this new rate of usage was sustained, the abrupt increase in usage provides little evidence that the addition of facilities such as the pool will attract new members.
Second, the author assumes that the addition of the swimming pool was responsible for the increase in member usage. However, the only evidence for this claim is insufficient to establish the causal claim in question. While temporal precedence is one of the conditions required to establish a causal relationship between two events, by itself it is not a sufficient condition. Consequently, it is possible that the addition of the pool was unrelated to the increase in usage in the manner required by the author’s argument.
Finally, the author has provided no evidence to support the contention that Take Heart will be the only center in the area to offer a wide range of activities to its members and thus have a competitive advantage in the fitness market.
In conclusion, the author’s belief that adding additional recreational facilities will increase Take Heart’s membership is ill-founded. To strengthen the argument the author would have to provide evidence that member usage is reliable indicator of new membership. Additionally, it would be necessary to show that the cause of the increase in usage was the opening of the new pool.
七、 【原始】
作文是Screamland Amusement Park 发现进来他们的sales 降低，想用新的market campaign来提高sales 。他们发现买票的人是家长，所以家长是主要决定力量，而且通过car industry 的survey 发现人们做选择时，safety 是首要concern 所以他们新的campaign 要从促进灌输人们他们的park 很safe 还有设备经常maintain 出发。
【考古】
screamland amusement park register a attendance drop, while advisement budget increases for past 3 yrs. Research report from auto industry shows that consumers have top priority on safety when doing the purchase. Thus, director suggests that to change the slogan to "Thrill for kid, peace mind for parents" would help to boost park attendance.
有一个marketing director of amusement park,说amusement park最近的attendance 和ticket sale 下降了。虽然这个park 基本是为了给孩子们的，但是家长才是最终的决定者（是否要去这个park ）。这个director 提到了一个来自automotive industry的 research ，这个调查显示60%的购车者在购车时把safety 作为top priority。所以这个director 说这个amusement park应该改变他们的slogan ，从原来的“ do all what you want”（原话不是do, 但意思差不多），转变成“Thrill kids, safety....”， 这个campaign 的转变可以increase attendance和ticket sale。 目前还没找到考古，先提供一些思路，欢迎大家集思广益，一起补充这道题！！
【参考思路】
1、汽车行业的经验不能套用在游乐园
2、不能确定游乐园大家最关心的是安全，有可能是交通，娱乐性啊什么的
3、虽然说家长是去不去游乐园的最终决定者，但是他们会充分考虑孩子的意见，不能忽略孩子在决策中的作用
4、游乐园没人去不一定是宣传口号不对，有可能是地理位置偏僻、票价太高等等，即使换了口号也还是没人去
八、 投资报告，三家店，pizza
【原始】AA: 讲一个投资公司的报告，报告里说由于有三家店（就记得一个Pizza 啥的）在过去两年内收入增长，所以投资公司应该投资三家新的差不多的店。并且为了最大化回报，应该让三家店合作，比如在任意两家买了东西，可以在第三家打折。大概是这个意思，我写的时候感觉很好，但是考出来回想觉得找的理由好像有点勉强。
【考古】
The following appeared as part of the business plan of the Capital Idea investment firm.
“Across town in the Park Hill district, the Thespian Theater, Pizzazz Pizza, and the Niblick Golf Club have all had business increases within the past two years. Capital Idea should therefore invest in the Roxy Playhouse, the Slice-o’-Pizza, and the Divot Golf Club, three new businesses in the Irongate district. As a condition, we should require them to participate in a special program: Any customer who patronizes two of the businesses will receive a substantial discount at the third. By motivating customers to patronize all three, we will thus contribute to the profitability of each
and maximize our return.”
在ParkHill 区的Thespian 剧院，Pizzazz 比萨，Niblick 高尔夫俱乐部在过去2年都有业务增长。因此Capital Idea 应该投资Poxy 剧场，Slic-o 比萨和Divot 高尔夫俱乐部这3家新的Irongate 区的企业。为使他们达到条件，我们应该要求他们参加特殊的项目：任何顾客在其中两家消费将在第三家得到折扣。通过刺激顾客在所有3家店消费，我们将增进每一家的利润，从而使我们的回报最大化。
【参考思路】
1. 老三家的盈利不代表新三家会盈利。做同样生意的企业，有赚有亏。
2. 考虑市场需求。原来盈利是因为没有竞争。
3. 这种优惠不一定吸引顾客，交通因素、客户群体等因素
九、
【原始】
作文是一个加盟的director , 劝一个三明治的饭店加盟，说了很多加盟的好处。降低费用，吸引客源什么的
【考古】
the following is a newsletter from the Director of Mega Burger franchise Store to the Cindy's Sandwich Store:
Mega Burger, which is the largest national chain store, invite Cindy's sandwich store to convert into the Mega Burger store. Such convert can reduce the operation costs. In addition just as people who go to clothing and home-supply store prefer the well known store, so do people who go to restaurant prefer the meal they known
一个汉堡公司写给CINDY 三文治餐厅的一个东西，内容大概是：加入大公司(还是跨国连锁神马的) 都会带来很多好处。如果三文治公司加入汉堡公司的连锁，可以降低OPERATING COST和吸引更多顾客。而且就好像人们更愿意去那些nationally known clothing and home-supply shop ，人们也更愿意去知道菜单会有什么菜的餐厅去吃饭。所以三文治公司应该立刻加入汉堡公司的大家庭。
【参考思路】
1、gratuitous assumption：不一定加入连锁店就能吸引更多的顾客，可能顾客喜欢三明治店原本的风格，加入连锁店之后反而流失客户;
2、one sidedness,：即使有可能有吸引新客户和降低采购成本等优势，同样也有潜在的劣势，比如training 员工和重新装修店面的成本上升，老板也可能会失去管理权;
3、false analogy：服装店和餐厅不可比，服装店的客户可能喜欢stable 的quality ，但餐厅的顾客喜欢推陈出新的产品，熟悉的menu 可能更让客户厌烦
十、 新药店，成本低，距离近，抢客户出现三次
【原始v1】 是关于开药店的那个 忘了寂静有没有了 就是一个叫holne's 的药店 要在某个城市开药店 但是呢 这个城市已经有了一家药店 而且市民很认可所以holne's 决定在这个药店周围开药店 而且准备在价格上刺激消费者
【原始v2】
H 药店的VP 向CEO 建议在A town投资连锁药店。因为有两家竞争者在那也开了药店。但是K 药店，这个Town 的老药店依然占整个市场份额的大部分。如果H 进入的话，选Location 的时候要选离K 近的Location, 这样能抢占K 的客户。同时，因为H 药店进货成本偏低，这样可以用价格优势打压K ，把K 的客户争取过来。
十一、 信用卡，环保
【原始】
作文写一家Credit Card Company想通过抽一部分钱donate 给a well-known environmental organization, 以此在credit card上显示环保logo ，然后increase new customers and the use of existing customers. 提到说，a recent poll显示很多人都很关心environmental issues。他们认为，采取donate 的policy ，就可以吸引更多客户，或许收益。这样，就算他们的interest rate 比competitor 高，客户也会选择使用他们公司的credit card。
【考古】
The following appeared as part of a plan proposed by an executive of the Easy Credit Company to the president.
“The Easy Credit Company would gain an advantage over competing credit card services if we were to donate a portion of the proceeds from the use of our cards to a well-known environmental organization in exchange for the use of its symbol or logo on our card. Since a recent poll shows that a large percentage of the public is concerned about environmental issues, this policy would attract new customers, increase use among existing customers, and enable us to charge interest rates that are higher than the lowest ones available.”
【范文】manhattan 上5.5
The aforementioned argument, in asserting that by the indulging in socially responsible activities Easy Credit can convince customers to opt for its credit card services over that of its competitors, appears, at first glance, to be coherent and fairly convincing. However, upon closer examination, a number of flaws become evident to such an extent that neither the argument nor the conclusion can be taken seriously. Among the most pivotal of the argument’s shortcomings are its inability to recognize, or even acknowledge, its assumptions, as well as the negligence of necessary information required to substantiate its claims.
The primary pitfall of the argument lies in the several unproven assumptions that it makes. The argument assumes that, an environmental organization would be willing to associate with the company for an undisclosed donation that Easy Credit is willing to make, while this organization might have already entered into an exclusive arrangement with one of the Easy Credit’s competitors.
Additionally, the argument assumes that, the sample used for the recent poll cited in the passage is representative of the population, at large. In truth, it may be possible that, the sample surveyed represents a small fraction of the population that is environmentally aware, as opposed to a majority of the population who would be indifferent to the environmental initiative proposed by Easy Credit Company. The lack of any genuine evidentiary support renders the argument invalid.
Although the argument relies on questionable premises and assumption, it would be presumptuous to say that the argument as a whole is without base. If the author truly wishes to convince the reader of the argument’s conclusion, he will have to take steps to remedy the fallacies cited in the above paragraphs to strengthen the argument. Possibly, by providing empirical evidence that the sample surveyed is representative of the general population, at large. Additionally, by providing examples of environmental agencies willing to associate with Easy Credit Company.
In conclusion, the argument in its present form is poorly articulated and unacceptable. The author will find it difficult to convince his readers regarding the validity of the argument, unless, he takes measures to overcome the fallacies of the argument.
十二、 香水，换代言人
【原始】 作文是说一个香水品牌的男士古龙水产品在过去三年的销售上升了30%，这期间香水的广告一直使用一个职业的运动员做广告代言人，但是近两（之前提到的三年后的两年，好像是）年销售量保持稳定，一个研究机构调查说是因为购买香水的主要用户的中老年男性。公司打算转换战略，要针对年轻的男士，所以决定用一个什么年轻的明星叫什么什么什么，他是一个teen star sensation，公司认为用了这个新的年轻明星可以让公司的古龙水销售转型，使更有潜力的年轻的男性成为购买古龙水产品，这样公司的sales 上升，因为产品可以吸引younger men everywhere.
【原始】
Company's cologne has experienced significant sales increase of 30% annually in the first four years of its launch. The company uses advertising campaign with professional sports stars and research found that most customers are middle-aged men. Cologne sale slowed down in recent years and CEO believes that they need to get younger people to use the cologne and he will hire Justin Bieber as their new spokesperson to achieve this.
十三、 Computer instruction，辍学率
【原始】
是说有个学校自从用了computer instruction 后学生的辍学率下降了而且学生还取得了许多研究成果，所以作者建议学校把预算大部分都用来购买电脑，并且要求其他别的学校也这样做。
【黄金80篇的题目】
interactive interact instruction logical logically covincing ignore decline atttibute
dropout 中途退学（学生）usage sufficient fund budget compromise comprise impressive portion proportional ultimately ultimate strengthen graduate graduation applicable apply applicant application affordable afford district
【思路】
没有排除他因。很可能是学校出台的policy 要求老师上课认真，学生更加勤奋导致的。同时发生不能说明因果。stricter discipline applied last year.
还有其他的比如加入新课引起学生的兴趣等等。counseling and training programs
错误类比，其他的学校情况跟这个不一定相同。比如很可能是艺术类等文科院校，而这个是科学类的，所以不同。
过去推将来，不对。很可能短暂的interest 之后学生会失去兴趣。或者别的什么情况发生了变化。
【范文】
The argument that the school board should buy more computers and adopt interactive computer instruction is not entirely logically convincing, since it ignores certain crucial assumptions.
First, the argument assumes that the decline of school dropout and the achievements of last year’s graduates’ results from the adoption of interactive computer instruction. However, there are several reasons why this might not be true. For example, achievements could have been made in other subjects than the ones with interactive computer instruction. Or last years’ graduates might not have been given the interactive computer instruction. Or the decline of the rate of dropout could be attributed to stricter discipline applied last year.
Second, even supposing the Nova High School’s decline of the dropout and last year’s graduates’ achievements benefit directly from the usage of interactive computer instruction, the success of the instruction in one school may not ensure the success in other schools. If it does not suit other
schools, the instruction will not work.
Finally, even if the decline of the rate of dropout and the achievements of the last year’s graduates’ are the direct results of the interactive computer instruction, we still do not know whether the school can afford to apply the instruction on all the subjects or to all the students. If the school does not have sufficient fund and has to cut budgets on other projects such as the library, the quality of the school’s education will also compromise .
Thus, the argument is not completely sound. The evidence in support of the conclusion that the dropout rate declined a nd last year’s graduates made impressive achievements does little to prove the conclusion that other schools should use a greater portion of their funds to apply the instruction since it does not address the assumptions I have already raised. Ultimately, the argument might have been strengthened by making it clear that the decline of the dropout rate and the achievements of the graduates are the direct results of interactive computer instruction, that the instruction is also applicable to other schools in the district, and that the instruction is affordable to all the schools in the district.
十四、 Restaurant, profit, college
【原始】 GP 在一个town 的college 旁开了一家restaurant ，这个college 有几千人，GP 发现他的餐馆销售很好，决定拓展他的生意，在周围的town 和city 再开三家分店，他准备提升他的原始店的三个employee 为manager ，他estimate 他的profits 会涨三倍
【考古】
The argument was about a paragraph from a restaurant business newsletter about small franchise restaurants.
A small restaurant owner, George, opened a pita restaurant in a college town Sallon. His restaurant has been quite successful for the last 2 years. So he decided to open another 3 restaurants in nearby cities and towns. He also plans to promote his 3 employees who have been trained under him to be the managers of the new restaurants. He expects his profits will trip after all restaurants are opened.
【思路】
1. 两年前的生意好不代表今后生意也会好。错误类比吧：其他地方的顾客可能没有第一家餐馆的地方多，没那么多students ，所以不一定生意好。 2. 雇员当分店经理了可能管理水平不行啦之类的
十五、 长期经验降低成本，增加收益
【原始】
Over time, the costs of processing go down because as organizations learn how to do things better, they become more efficient. In color film processing, for example, the cost of a 3-by-5-inch print fell from 50 cents for five-day service in 1970 to 20 cents for one-day service in 1984. The same principle applies to the processing of food. And since Olympic Foods will soon celebrate the 25th birthday, we can expect that our long experience will enable us to minimize costs and thus maximize profits.
十六、 大学，社区，私人，医院
【原始】坐稳是关于大学医院不如社区和私人医院那篇
十七、 建gym ，减少医疗成本， balance budget
【原始】
一个memo ，讲的是一个manager 给当地的municipal concil的建议：调查表明多运动的人明显比不运动的人少去医院，所以给concil 的employee 新建一个gym 可以明显减少医疗保险成本，从而达到concil 所预期的balance budget
【考古】The following appeared in a memo to the Saluda town council from the town’s business manager.
“Research indicates that those who exercise regularly are hospitalized less than half as often as those who don’t exercise. By providing a well-equipped gym for Saluda’s municipal employees, we should be able to reduce the cost of our group health insurance coverage by approximately 50% and thereby achieve a balanced town budget.”
【思路】
1. 建造体育馆的话费可能会超过insurance 上省下来的钱，带来给的负债。
2. 建造好了，municipal employees 也不一定去。或是，现在的municipal 是不是已经很
健康，不需要gym 。
3. Survey 这个可信度。Less than half怎么得出的，取样是否有代表性？
4. 现在insurance 这么高，病人这么多是不是有他因：环境污染。建造体育馆能否达到预
期效果
【范文】In this memo Saluda’s business manager recommends that the town provide a gym for its employees as a means of balancing the town’s budget. The manager reasons that since studies show that people who exercise regularly are hospitalized less than half as often than those who don’t exercise, Saluda could save approx imately 50% on the cost of its group health insurance coverage by providing its employees with a well-equipped gym. The savings on insurance would balance the town’s budget. The manager’s argument is unconvincing because it rests on several unsupported and dubious assumptions.
First, the manager assumes that Saluda’s employees will exercise regularly if a well -equipped facility is provided for them. This assumption is questionable since the mere fact that a gym is made available for employee use is no guarantee that they will avail themselves of it at all, let alone on a regular basis.
Second, the manager assumes that Saluda’s employees do not exercise regularly. Once again, the manager offers no support for this crucial assumption. Obviously, if all of Saud a’s employees already engage in daily exercise, the hospitalization rate will be unaffected by equipping an exercise facility and no savings will be realized on the group health insurance.
Third, the manager assumes that there is a direct relation between the hospitalization rate for employees and the cost of their group health insurance such that a reduction in the hospitalization rate will result in a corresponding reduction in the cost of insurance. While this may turn out to be true, the manager has failed to offer any evidence for this claim.
Finally, the manager assumes that the cost of building a well-equipped exercise facility will not negate the savings realized on the group health insurance. Until evidence has been provided to show that this is not the case, the manager’s plan is unacceptable.
In conclusion, the business manager’s proposal to provide an exercise facility as a means of balancing Saluda’s budget is not convincing. To strengthen the argument, evidence would have to be provided for each of the assumptions listed in the previous analysis.
十八、 Expand ，收购, autos
【原始】 一个汽车公司Fleet Autos 的CEO 表示，为了更好的发展以及expand 国际市场，要收购falling 到濒临破产的Futura Auto 。这个Futura 公司在Galaxia 的市场可以成为Fleet 的市场，此前Fleet 是没有进入这个市场的。此外，Futura 生产Fleet 此前赖以成功的车型（Models ）的话，可以使Futura 的经营好转。最后，为了保证Transition 顺利，在保留大部分workforce 的同时，要替代当前的Marketing 和Management teams。 【 考古】
A letter to the shareholders of Fleet Motors: the CEO of Fleet Motors plans to acquire Futra Autos (a falling company) in the country of Galaxia, in order to expand Fleet Motor's international market and he/she believes that the rapidly increasing population in Galaxia will become future customer base of Fleet Motors. In addition, the management of Fleet Motors decides to retain the current workforce of Futra Autos and replace their management by the excellent Fleet Motor's employees.
【参考思路】
1 新经理不一定能够适应异国公司
2 Futra Autos要倒闭，很多原因。有可能说明市场环境不好，或是已经竞争很激烈。
3 expand the customer base for motor: auto和motor 的产品不一定匹配，面向各户群体也不同
4 G国人口增加不一定导致未来Fleet Motors 的顾客增加，要考虑比如当地购买力或者国家政策导向
话说这道题的思路网上还有很多，我感觉都很奇怪。比如：
单因果错误Casual-relationship ——有他因(扩展international market的方式有很多种，acquire Futra Autos只是其中的一种，还可以直接建立分公司或者与当地企业合资，不一定非要采取收购，也不一定非要选择从G 国进入)
错误类比a false analogy(auto和motor 的销售和管理存在差异，用优秀的motor 的员工来管理和销售auto 不一定合适)
时地全等all things are equal(过去经验现在不一定适用，之前成功的车型不代表未来还能成功)
看个人怎么选择吧，挑几个你认为最合理的，最适合发挥的写。
十九、 Adida, palm, retail price
【原始】一个shop owner of a clothing retail chain 给他的合作伙伴写信说，“近年来Adida 地的retail price 一直呈稳定上升趋势，而Palm 地区的则不变。所以，A 地的门面价格比P 地高了。所以我们要在P 地买一间门面，为了（原谅我记不清）利润（吧~）。
二十、 Restway motel, ambassador moter, profit
【原始】 Restway Motel的一个manager 说他们酒店给顾客提供了许多免费的服务设施，包括无线网络，同城电话等等。但是他们发现好多顾客都不怎么take advantage of the use of them 。并且另外一家Ambassador Motel 他们对要用这些服务的顾客分开收费，这样用省下来的钱为顾客提供更好的meal 。所以Restway Motel决定取消那些免费的服务，跟Ambassador 一样对要用的顾客单独收费。这样就可以提高他们的profits 。
二十一、 服装店，家居
The following appeared as part of a recommendation from the business manager of a department store.
“Local clothing stores reported that their profits decreased, on average, for the three-month period between August 1 and October 31. Stores that sell products for the home reported that,
on average, their profits increased during this same period. Clearly, consumers are choosing to buy products for their homes instead of clothing. To take advantage of this trend, we should reduce the size of our clothing departments and enlarge our home furnishings and household products departments.”
【参考思路】
1 时间太短，不足以说明趋势，过去的三个月也不一定代表未来趋势会如此
2 因果关系错误。衣服减少不一定是home 购买增加造成的。
三. 推理错误(必要性)reduced the size of clothing department 不是唯一途径 establish a new shopping mall only sell the household products
二十二、 Citrus, 价格过快增长
【考古】Over the past decade, the price per pound of citrus fruit has increased substantially. Eleven years ago, Megamart charged 5 cents apiece for lemons, but today it commonly charges over 30 cents apiece. In only one of these last eleven years was the weather unfavorable for growing citrus crops. Evidently, then, citrus growers have been responsible for the excessive increase in the price of citrus fruit, and strict pricing regulations are needed to prevent them from continuing to inflate prices.”
【参考思路】
1 lemon单一例子不足以证明整体涨价过快。
2 其他因素也可能造成citrus 产量不高，比如适宜种植citrus 的本来就不多
3 严格的价格控制，果农种植积极性降低，产量更低，结果产生更为严重的inflate prices
【范文】 In this editorial the author argues for the imposition of strict pricing regulations in order to prevent citrus growers from continued inflation of prices of citrus fruit. The need for such regulation is supported by the author’s contention that citrus growers have been unnecessarily raising prices of citrus fruit in the past. The evidence for this allegation is the fact that the price of lemons at Megamart has increased from 15 cents per pound to over a dollar a pound during the preceding 11-year period. The author maintains that this increase is unjustifiable because weather conditions have been favorable to citrus production in all but one of those years. This argument is flawed for several reasons.
First and foremost, the author assumes that the only factor that influences the price of citrus fruit is the weather. Other factors such as monetary inflation, increased distribution and labor costs, or alterations in supply and demand conditions are completely ignored as possible sources for the increase. The charge that citrus growers have unnecessarily raised prices can be sustained only if these and other possible factors can be completely ruled out as contributing to the price increases. Since the author fails to address these factors, the recommendation calling for strict pricing regulations can be dismissed out of hand as frivolous.
Second, the author assumes that the only way to combat increased prices is through government intervention. In a free enterprise system many other means of affecting the pricing of goods are available. For example, boycotting a product and thereby influencing supply and demand conditions of the commodity is an effective means of influencing the price of the product. In a free market economy the call for price regulation by the government should occur only when all other means to rectify the problem have been exhausted.
In conclusion, the author’s argument is unconvincing. To strengthen the argument it would be necessary to show that the only factor influencing the price increases is the growers’ desire for
increased profits.
二十三、 失业率，工业，转型
应该把目光放在某某市上，因为1他的失业率低于平均水平；2是工业中心，历史上它的什么和什么很好；3想要商业转型，attracting 一些高新技术公司这个好像也木有
二十四、 Courses, higher proportion, eliminating 【原始】“The Saluda Consolidated High School offers more than 200 different courses from which its students can choose. A much smaller private school down the street offers a basic curriculum of only 80 different courses, but it consistently sends a higher proportion of its graduating seniors on to college than Consolidated does. By eliminating at least half of the courses offered there and focusing on a basic curriculum, we could improve student performance at Consolidated and also save many tax dollars.”
【参考思路】
1 因果错误，课程多少并不是低proportion 的原因。
2 Insufficient example:只是一个小学校的例子并不能说明只要course 少入学率就高 3 入学率作为衡量 students’ performance的标准，不恰当。
【范文】
The author concludes that the Saluda Consolidated High School can enhance student performance by reducing at least half of the courses available there, and only concentrating on a fundamental curriculum. To substantiate the conclusion, the author claims that this project is adopted by a much smaller private school nearby. The outcome is very successful because higher proportion of its graduates enters colleges than that of Consolidated. This argument, however, fails to be persuasive for the author's questionable assumptions and weak analogy.
Most conspicuously, the author only concerns with the proportion of graduate seniors attending a college as only one condition to evaluate educational effectiveness yet ignore many relevant factors. In fact, a High School's quality is determined by a whole bunch of school, including its faculties, facilities, curriculum, recreation activities, and so on. A complimentary award also plays an important role. Besides, that some students do not continue further study does not mean they are disqualified to enroll to colleges. They perhaps continue to learn what they are interested in but do not attend at colleges or universities, such as foreign language school, dancing class, cooking school, and so on. Therefore, the evaluation of the Saluda Consolidated High School's quality only by the proportion of students studying higher level of education is incomplete.
Also, the author assumes that only a single step change in the number of courses can improve quality of teaching. Presumably, the smaller private school down the street succeeds in educational quality due to many factors combined together, such as knowledgeable professors, extracurricular activities, job training program and international study. It can be reasonably assumed that currently the Saluda Consolidated High School has lower performance because it lacks these criteria. The best way is to add them into the school. Eliminating current course may make everything even worse. If this is the case, then the author's conclusion is extremely weakened.
Finally, the author's line of reasoning is the weak analogy between the Saluda Consolidated High School and the smaller private school down the street. There is no logical connection between these two schools, and the author does not attempt to show any connection either. Perhaps,
these two schools have nothing in common. For example, the number of student population in each school is remarkably different. In addition, we do not know whether the Saluda Consolidated High School is public or private school. If it is public school, then the policy may be disparate from that of private school. The argument would have been strong if the author could provide the missing connection or prove that these two schools are comparable.
In summary, this argument is unwarranted. To strengthen the conclusion, the author would have to provide more evidences that the Saluda Consolidated High School provides too much courses which are not necessary to its students. The school should analyze the quality of curriculum meticulously prior to making any decision. Moreover, supporting information which links between student performance and the number of students attending colleges should be given. Most importantly, the author has to guarantee that the Saluda Consolidated High School and the smaller private school down the street are comparable. Without such evidences mentioned above, this argument is still logically unconvincing, and fails to impress the readers.
二十五、 Housing rate, revenue,
【原始】作文：一个学校今年的housing rate和housing revenue比去年下降了，所以学校为了改善这个状况决定采取两个措施： 1. reduce the number of available houses to increase the rate。
2. lower rent to increase demand, thus keeping students from off-camous living 二十六、 太残了，求大神考古
【原始】作文考的是技术部门要求在软件上增加投资使员工效率提高，使利润增加 二十七、 Healthier ， organic ， fitness gym
【原始】是说现在人们more interest in eat healthier, one way to eat more healthier is to eat organic food ,so 作者建议在all of the three fitness gym 都开一个organic food 商店，这样就可以大大的盈利了。
【考古】没有找到原文，欢迎提供
People are interested in eating healthier, one way is to eat organic food which is grown without chemical and pesticide. Government is supportive for organic food. One grocery manager is recommending expanding their 3 out of 4 existing store to sell organic food.
【参考思路】
1 eating healthier和organic food 之间没有直接联系。
2 在fitness gym开organic food不合适。地点，消费者习惯。
3 organic food 可能很贵，所以销量不高，不一定能够大大盈利。
二十八、 Cereal ， adult women， children consumer 【原始】讲FF 公司的cereal 以前是adult women买的多 但是last 2 years的数据显示children consumer 变多了 所以FF 公司要把所有的cereal 都换成children 的。
【考古】
V1有个数据得出woman 比man 更多地买cereal food. 而且由于近些年children 的数量增长了15%~20%,所以应该增加针对children 的cereal. 还要做广告神马的,, 由于这个corporation will stand out, 所以他们的profit 会增加.
V2一个公司叫做Fieflake 经营cereal line.过去一直65%消费者主要是adult women。但是过去两年，children increase16%to25%.因此，公司的新策略是转移正对children. 这个公司产品现在的产品包装是对whole family. 别的公司也是对whole family. 因此这个公司准备生产children's line这样只有它一个公司生产这种东西可以避免竞争力和增加销售
【参考思路】
1 children 增加不一定，不一定带来需求。Children 不吃这玩意。
2 更换产品包装，新产品推广成本可能大于销售的增加。
3 其他公司可能也在准备children 包装，或是迅速模仿，竞争力已然存在。
二十九、 Recession ，new location， Helios
【原始】第一句就是conclusion ，讲的是corporation 是city Helios 所需要做的一步。在recent ressesion, 尽管Helios 的umempolyment is lower than the average of the other region.(大概是这样）。然后说Helios 是历史上的industrial centre of the region。接着是说expand the city的方法是吸引有着新的技术和啥啥的公司。
【考古】
Corporations should look to the city of Helios when seeking new business opportunities or a new location. Even in the recent recession, Helios’s unemployment rate was lower than the regional average. It is the industrial center of the region, and historically it has provided more than its share of the region’s manufacturing jobs. In addition, Helios is attempting to expand its economic base by attracting companies that focus on research and development of innovative technologies.
【范文】
In this article, corporations are encouraged to settle their business in the city of Helios when seeking new business opportunities or a new location. The recommendation is based on the fact that Helios is the industrial center of the region, given that the city provided more than its share of manufacturing jobs and its unemployment rate is lower than average. Furthermore, the city is taking efforts to expand the economic base of the city by attracting companies that focus on research and development of innovative technologies. This argument is somewhat persuasive but not convincing for the following two reasons.
First, lower-than-average unemployment rate seems attractive to job applicants, but actually not good for corporations. Because of the lower than average unemployment rate in Helios, companies that should recruit large numbers of employees would not find Helios a great place. Lower unemployment rate means that the incoming corporations will have to recruit new workers outside the city of Helios or lure the existing workers away from their current jobs with higher wages. Both of these two alternatives will result in higher recruiting costs, and therefore make Helios a BAD place for business. Second, it is questionable whether the available labor in Helios could support all types of business. Even though the city of Helios has great environment for industrial and manufacturing companies, it is likely that the local prospective employees are not suitable for other types of corporations, such as financial service companies. Furthermore, the city’s attempt to attract companies that focus on research and development of innovative technologies does not necessarily result in the expanding economic base as it expect. In sum, the author did not provide compelling reasons for why Helios is a great site for a company wishing to relocate. Nor has the author provided compelling reasons for companies seeking new business opportunities to choose Helios. If the author had included the above items, it may be more convincing.
三十、 High sales， decreasing profit margin， coffee café
【原始】我的作文是，一个杂货店（咖啡店？忘记了反正是一个G 什么的名词）的销售额这几年一直在增长，但是利润却一直在下降。他们这个杂货店的顾客都是一些WEALTHY CUSTOMER，他们享受这个杂货店经历还有他们昂贵的东西吧。然后这个店为了增加利润觉得通过降低COST, 途径是解雇10个员工在EACH STORES 另外取消一些昂贵的展示品+取消送免费小样。然后这样的降低COST ，会使得STORES 的POPULARITY FEATURES受到影响，然后为了OFFSET 这个，这个G 决定和一个CAFE 的连锁合作开SMALL CAFE COUNTER。调查显示这个CAFE 的主要服务对象也是WEALTHY CUSTOMER。所以这样可以使得利润增长。
【考古】a local chain Greentree Grocers has been experiencing high sales volume but decreasing profit margin. Its customers are wealthy people looking for gourmet food and luxury shopping experience, so it must cut costs without hurting the customers' shopping experience. So it plans to layoff 10 employees per store and eliminate expensive displays and free samples. In addition, it will partner with Cabaree Coffee Cafe to have a coffee shop in each store. This is supported by a recent survey that the Grocers and the Cafe attract similar types of customers. The
conclusion is that Greentree Grocers will experience high sales volume as well as high profit margin.
【参考思路】
1 assumption is questionable ：裁员，减少expensive display and free samples 可能影响用户体验
2 没有数据显示，开咖啡店增加的收入能弥补装修等cost
3 survey报告不具体，不能直接用于GC 。
三十一、 Cost of processing go down， do things better， efficient
【原始】作文抽到的是绿色og13 sample topics 的第一题原题！“overtime, the costs of processing go down because as organizations learn how to do things better, they become more efficient......"
【考古】The following appeared as part of an annual report sent to stockholders by Olympic Foods, a processor of frozen foods.
“Over time, the costs of processing go down because as organizations learn how to do things better, they become more efficient. In color film processing, for example, the cost of a 3-by-5-inch print fell from 50 cents for five-day service in 1970 to 20 cents for one-day service in 1984. The same principle applies to the processing of food. And since Olympic Foods will soon celebrate its twenty-fifth birthday, we can expect that our long experience will enable us to minimize costs and thus maximize profits.”
【参考思路】【范文】OG 第一篇，值得自己思考下。然后再百度下。 三十二、 Volunteer ambulance, commercial 【原始】一个review 表明，某town 的volunteer ambulance到达事故地点的平均时间要比commercial ambulance长，所以为了提高应对紧急情况的水平，并为这个城镇的ambulance 服务collect fees，应该用commercial ambulance而不是volunteer ambulance。
三十三、 新航线，利润，削减
【原始】是一个航空公司因为油价上涨，同时多开辟了几条新航线，所以利润下跌。其他的航空公司在削减了几条航线外利润上升，所以这家航空公司也要削减这几条新开的航线。
三十四、 再生能源，mining
【原始v1】Balstocm is a company providing mining technology, rencently the mining industry start to decline and Balstocm's revenue and stock prices suffered. Renewable industry is a booming industry, some company succeeded in this new industry, such as solar power, wind power and xxxxx. Balstcom should shift all its research staff to those fields since the industry is such promising and Balstcom is sure to improve its profits and stock market performance.
【原始v2】說的是last year demand of mining industry下降, 從而整個industry 的stock price和profits 也下降了。Blastcom Corporation主要業務就有這個。然後作者就建議create a new strategy focusing on renewable tech, 比如wind engery, solar energy, etc. 他說只有這樣才能ensure the Blastcom's stock price and profits, and be safety in the coming years.
【考古】v2
Due to the decline demand of the mining technology, all the related corporations are suffering form decline of profit and sales this year, including Blastcom Corporation. Blastcom Corporation is considering adopting one growth strategy: to shift some of the researchers from mining technology to the renewable energy technology, the demand for the renewable energy such as solar energy. Some of the prominent companies which market the renewable energy are successful in recent years. Therefore, it is guaranteed that company Blastcom will also be successful in the future by providing renewable energy
【参考思路】
1 类比错误，其他公司succeed 不等同与B 也可以。
2 没有理由shift “all ” its research staff
3 无根据，decline 不一定非要转型，可以延伸产业等。